What is an off-route mine?

Off-route mines are designed to be effective when detonated next to a vehicle instead of underneath the vehicle. They are useful in cases where the ground or surface is not suitable for burying or concealing a mine.

What is off-route mine?

Off-route mines, also known as horizontal action mines, are designed to fire an explosively formed projectile into the side of the target vehicle. They are used as ambush mines or where the ground or road surface is not suitable for burying or concealing a mine.

What are the three basic types of landmines?

There are three basic types of fragmentation AP mines: stake mines, directional fragmentation mines and bounding fragmentation mines. Box shaped AP mine. Similar mines can be found all over the world.

What are German parm off-route mines?

The PARM 1 (DM-12) and PARM 2 (DM-22) are German off-route mines that fire small fin stabilized rockets. PARM stands for PanzerAbwehrRichtMine, anti-tank directional mine. 1600 DM-22 mines were delivered to Ukrainian armed services in early May 2022.

What is a British off-route mine?

OFF-ROUTE MINE (ANTI-TANK)

The mine is placed at the side of the road and a thin electric 'breakwire' laid out across the vehicle's path. The mine is initiated when the vehicle breaks the wire. A shaped charge known as a 'Misznay Schardin Plate' fires an explosively formed projectile into the side of the vehicle.

Cold War Weapons: The Off Route Mine

Do people still mine in the UK?

The last operating deep coal mine in the United Kingdom, Kellingley colliery in North Yorkshire, closed in December 2015. Most continuing coal mines are collieries owned by freeminers, or are open pit mines of which there were 26 in 2014.

Are there still miners in UK?

Britain, the cradle of the industrial revolution, once employed 1.2 million people at nearly 3,000 collieries. Its last deep-pit mine closed in 2015.

Are there still German mines from ww2?

Mines of this type are still buried in the Eifel National Park on the grounds of the Vogelsang Military Training Area, a former "Nazi leadership" training center.

Why did the Germans lay mines around Britain?

During World War I, Germany laid more than 43,000 mines that claimed some 500 merchant vessels. The British Navy lost 44 warships and 225 auxiliaries to mines. The purpose was to interrupt the flow of supplies to Britain and to hamper the British fleet.

Are there still land mines in Germany?

Thousands of mines, booby traps and munition remnants lie along the 450km long contact line. The Landmine Monitor 2020 presumes that more than 7000 km² are contaminated – that's an area roughly ten times the size of Hamburg. Since 2014, at least 959 people have died and 1840 have been injured as a result.

Where are the most active landmines in the world?

With an estimated 30 million mines strewn in at least 18 countries, Africa is the continent most severely affected by the large scale sowing of landmines . The most critical situations are found in Angola with more than 9 million mines, in Mozambique with up to 2 million and in Somalia with I million.

What country was the first to use landmines?

Precursors of the weapon are said to have first been used in the American Civil War in the 1800s. But antipersonnel mines were first used on a wide scale in World War II. Since then they have been used in many conflicts, including in the Vietnam War, the Korean War, and the first Gulf War.

Are landmines legal to own?

Anti-personnel landmines are prohibited under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction (or Mine Ban Convention), adopted in 1997.

How do landmines go off?

A land mine can be triggered by a number of things including pressure, movement, sound, magnetism and vibration. Anti-personnel mines commonly use the pressure of a person's foot as a trigger, but tripwires are also frequently employed.

What is a rake mine?

A vertical vein of metallic ore, usually lead, occuring between walls of rock and cutting through the bedding. Often rakes have been worked from early times leaving deep trenches several km long, with adits leading off and shafts sunk at the side.

Can you disable a mine?

Detection and removal of landmines is a dangerous activity, and personal protective equipment does not protect against all types of landmine. Once found, mines are generally defused or blown up with more explosives, but it is possible to destroy them with certain chemicals or extreme heat without making them explode.

Are there still WWII mines in the ocean?

Parts of some World War II naval minefields still exist because they are too extensive and expensive to clear. Some 1940s-era mines may remain dangerous for many years.

What was the blast that killed 10000 Germans?

German trench destroyed by the explosion of a mine in the Battle of Messines. Approximately 10,000 German troops were killed when the mines were simultaneously detonated at 3.10 a.m. on 7 June 1917.

What is the largest underground explosion?

A 104 kiloton nuclear device was detonated at the Semipalatinsk Test Site, Kazakhstan 178 m. (583 ft.) beneath the dry bed of the Chagan river on January 15, 1965, leaving a crater 408 m.

Why do they call it a bouncing betty?

The Allies removed an estimated 15,000 unexploded mines from dunes by Pouppeville after the initial invasion. The S-mine acquired its odd nickname "Bouncing Betty" from American infantrymen. The S-mine had a great psychological effect on Allied forces because of its tendency to maim, rather than kill, the infantryman.

How many ww2 mines are still in the ocean?

Authorities estimate there are as many as 5000 naval mines from the two world wars that still remain in the Adriatic sea.

Are there still miners in the US?

At the end of July 2022, the coal industry employed approximately 38,400 miners. US employment in coal mining peaked in 1923, when there were 863,000 coal miners. Since then, mechanization has greatly improved productivity in coal mining, so that employment has declined at the same time coal production increased.

Why did England shut down coal mines?

Deep mining for coal was already on its death bed by 1984 as cheaper exports from abroad combined with a reluctance on the part of government to continue with subsidies, a changing energy culture and a rising environmental movement all conspired against the industry.

How much coal is left in the world?

World Coal Reserves

The world has proven reserves equivalent to 133.1 times its annual consumption. This means it has about 133 years of coal left (at current consumption levels and excluding unproven reserves).